Overview
Indonesia has multiple fuel grades for diesel and gasoline. As of January 2017, diesel with cetane number 48 is limited to 2,500 ppm sulfur nationwide; diesel with cetane number 51 has been limited to 500 ppm sulfur since 2006. The nationwide diesel sulfur limit tightens to 500 ppm in 2021 and 50 ppm in 2025. For gasoline, sulfur limits are set at 500 ppm.
Standard type
Fuel quality
Regulating Body
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Direktorat Jenderal Minyak & Gas Bumi, Kementrian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral)
Current Standard
- Diesel:
- Cetane Number (CN) 48 (applies to 48 ≤ CN < 51): 3500 ppm
- CN 51 or higher: 500 ppm
- Gasoline: 500 ppm
History
There are several fuel grades sold in Indonesia both for gasoline and diesel. Out of four retail fuel vendors in the country, only Pertamina distributes fuel countrywide. Others have retail pumps in the Greater Jakarta area and a few large cities in Indonesia. The table below shows the different grades of fuel by vendor and commercial name.
| Vendor | Diesel | Gasoline | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN 48 | CN 51 | RON 88 | RON 90 | RON 91 | RON 95 | |
| Pertamina(1) | BioSolar Pertamina Dex |
– | Premium | Pertalite | Pertamax | Pertamax Plus |
| Shell | Shell Diesel | – | – | – | Super 92 | Super Extra 95 |
| Petronas | – | Petronas Diesel | – | – | Primax 92 | Primax 95 |
| Total | Performance Diesel | – | – | – | Performance 92 | Performance 92 |
| Notes: (1)State-owned company, sole distributor of subsidized CN 48 diesel fuel |
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Phase-out of leaded gasoline
Major improvements to fuel quality began in 1999 when the Ministry of Energy issued Kepmen 1585/1999, mandating the gradual phase-out of leaded fuels by 1 January 2003. In practice, the phase-out of leaded gasoline started in the Greater Jakarta Area in 2001, followed by other regions in the following years. Not until 1 July 2006 did state-owned Pertamina completely phase out its leaded gasoline sales.
Reductions in fuel sulfur content
On 17 March 2006 the Directorate General of Oil and Gas at the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources issued new fuel standards for both gasoline (SK 3674 /2006) and diesel fuel (SK 3675/2006), effective immediately. The regulation mandates a maximum sulfur content of 500 ppm for all gasoline grades and for diesel fuel with a cetane number of 51 or above. Diesel fuel with a cetane number of 48 however, is limited to 3500 ppm sulfur.
Updates to both gasoline and diesel fuel standards were issued on 19 November 2013. The regulation for gasoline, in SK 933/2013, sets fuel specifications for RON 88 gasoline and eliminates leaded fuel specifications but retains the Euro 2 sulfur limits. SK 978/2013 regulates diesel fuels with cetane number 48. The regulation retains the sulfur content limit of 3500 ppm but delays the implementation date to 2015. It also adds targets to reduce diesel sulfur content to 500 ppm by 2021 and 50 ppm by 2025. Implementation dates for these reductions in fuel sulfur content are presented below:
| Date | Diesel | Gasoline | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN 48 | CN 51 | RON 88 | RON 90 | RON 91 | RON 95 | |
| 17 Mar 2006 | 3500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | |
| 22 Mar 2013 | 500 | |||||
| 19 Nov 2013 | 500 | |||||
| 1 Jan 2015 | 3500 | |||||
| 1 Jan 2016 | 3000 | |||||
| 1 Jan 2017 | 2500 | |||||
| 1 Jan 2021 | 500 | |||||
| 1 Jan 2025 | 50 | |||||
Biofuels Mandate
Since 2008 the Ministry of Energy has set minimum biofuels volume requirements for all gasoline and diesel-equivalent fuels sold in Indonesia. This mandate has been updated several times. The most recent update released in 2015 mandates a 20% biodiesel blend in 2016 and 30% in 2020 for the transportation sector. The required bioethanol blend in gasoline is 5% in 2016 and 10% in 2020.
Technical Standards
Diesel
Indonesia has two different diesel specification regulations based on cetane number: CN 48 and CN 51. Domestic sales of CN 48 by Pertamina are currently subsidized by the government.
- CN 48: SK 978/2013 (as of 2015)
- CN 51 or above: SK 3675/2006 (as of 17 March 2006)
| Characteristics | Unit | CN 48 | CN 51 | Testing Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implementation Date | 19 November 2013 | 17 March 2006 | ||
| Cetane Number (min) | 48 | 51 | ASTM D613 | |
| Cetane Index (min) | 45 | 48 | ASTM D4737 | |
| Density at 15oC | kg/m3 | 815-860 | 820-860(1) | ASTM D1298 or D4052 |
| Viscosity at 40oC | mm2/s | 2.0-4.5 | 2.0-4.5 | ASTM D445 |
| Sulfur content (max) | %m/m | 0.35(2) 0.30(3) 0.25(4) 0.05(5) 0.005(6) |
0.05 | ASTM D2622 or D5453 or 4294 or D7039 |
| Distilation: T90(7) T95(7) Final boiling point |
oC | ASTM D86 | ||
| 370 | 340 | |||
| – | 360 | |||
| – | 370 | |||
| Flash Point (min) | oC | 52 | 55 | ASTM D93 |
| Pour Point (max) | oC | 18 | 18 | ASTM D97 |
| Carbon Residue (max) | %m/m | 0.1 | 0.3 | ASTM D4530 or D189 |
| Water content (max) | mm/kg | 500 | 500 | ASTM 6304 |
| Biological Growth | kg/m3 | nil | nil | |
| FAME content | %v/v | – | – | |
| Methanol content | %v/v | undetected | undetected | ASTM D4815 |
| Copper Strip Corrosion | merit | Class I | Class I | ASTM D130 |
| Ash Content (max) | %m/m | 0.01 | 0.01 | ASTM D482 |
| Sediment Content (max) | %m/m | 0.01 | 0.01 | ASTM D473 |
| Strong acid number (max) | mg KOH/g | 0 | 0 | ASTM D664 |
| Total acid number (max) | mg KOH/g | 0.6 | 0.3 | ASTM D664 |
| Particulate (max) | mg/l | – | 10 | ASTM D2276 |
| Lubricity, HFRR wear scar dia.@60oC (max) | micron | 460(8) | 460 | ASTM D6079 |
| Color (max) | ASTM no. | 3.0 | 1.0 | ASTM D1500 |
| Visual appearance | clear and bright | clear and bright | ||
| Notes: – Additives used have to be compatible with engine oil and do not contribute to crust on engine – Additives with ash-forming components are not permitted – Handling has to be done properly as to minimize contamination (dust, water,other fuel, etc.) – Labeling at the pump has to be sufficient and defined (1) For environment protection purpose, density of 815kg/m3is permitted (2) 0.35% m/m limit equals to 3500 ppm, implemented in 2015 (3) 0.30% m/m limit equals to 3000 ppm, implemented starting 1 January 2016 (4) 0.25% m/m limit equals to 2500 ppm, implemented starting 1 January 2017 (5) 0.05% m/m limit equals to 500 ppm, implemented starting 1 January 2021 (6) 0.005% m/m limit equals to 50 ppm, implemented starting 1 January 2025 (7) Only need to comply to either T95 or T90, not both (8) Starting 1 January 2016 |
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Gasoline
Gasoline specifications in Indonesia are regulated under three different regulations based on their Research Octane Number (RON):
- RON 88: SK 933/2013 (as of 19 November 2013)
- RON 90: SK313/2013 (as of 22 March 2013)
- RON 91 & 95: SK 3674/2006 (as of 17 March 2006)
| Characteristics | Unit | RON 88 | RON 90 | RON 91 | RON 95 | Testing Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implementation Date | 19 November 2013 | 22 March 2013 | 17 March 2006 | 17 March 2006 | ||
| Research Octane Number | RON (min) | 88 | 90 | 91 | 95 | ASTM D2699 |
| Oxidation Stability | minutes (min) | 360 | 360 | 480 | 480 | ASTM D252 |
| Sulfur(1) | %m/m (max) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | ASTM D2622 or D4294 or D7039 |
| Lead(2) | g/l (max) | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.013 | D3237 | |
| Metal Content (Manganese, Iron, etc.) | mg/l (max) | untraced | untraced | – | untraced | ASTM D3831 or IP74 |
| Oxygen(3) (max) | %m/m | 2.7(4) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | ASTM D4815 |
| Olefin (max) | %v/v | report | report | report(5) | report(5) | ASTM D1319 |
| Aromatics (max) | %v/v | report | report | 50.0 | 40.0 | ASTM D1319 |
| Benzene (max) | %v/v | report* | report | 5.0 | 5.0 | ASTM D4420 except for *: ASTM D5580 or D6839 or D6730 or D3606 |
| Distilation: 10% evaporation 50% vol. evaporation 90% vol. evaporation Final boiling point Residue |
oC | ASTM D86 | ||||
| ≤74 | ≤74 | ≤70 | 70 | |||
| 75-125 | 88-125 | 77-110 | 77-110 | |||
| ≤180 | ≤180 | 130-180 | 130-180 | |||
| ≤215 | ≤215 | ≤215 | ≤205 | |||
| ≤2.0 | ≤2.0 | ≤2.0 | ≤2.0 | |||
| Sediment (max) | mg/l | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ASTM D5452 |
| Unwashed Gum (max) | mg/100ml | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | ASTM 381 |
| Washed Gum (max) | mg/100ml | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ASTM D381 |
| Vapor Pressure | kPa | 45-69 | 45-69 | 45-60 | 45-60 | ASTM D5191 or D323 |
| Density at 15oC | kg/m3 | 715-770 | 715-770 | 715-770 | 715-770 | ASTMD4052 or D1298 |
| Copper strip corrosion | merit | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class I | ASTM D130 |
| Sulfur Mercaptan(6)(max) | %mass | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | ASTM D3227 |
| Visual appearance | clear and bright | clear and bright | clear and bright | clear and bright | ||
| Odor | marketable | marketable | marketable | marketable | ||
| Color | Yellow | Green | Blue | Yellow | ||
| Coloring agent content (max) | g/100l | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |
| Notes: – Additives used have to be compatible with engine oil and do not contribute to crust on engine – Additives with ash-forming components are not permitted – Handling has to be done properly as to minimize contamination (dust, water,other fuel, etc.) (1) 0.005%m/m limit equals to 500 ppm (2) Lead injection is not permitted, lead content limit from crude oil refinery only (3) When oxygenates are used, ethers are preferred. Alcohol with carbon molecule content >2 is limited to 0.1% volume. Methanols are prohibited. (4) Bioethanol content refers to Permen ESDM 25/2013 on Amendment to Permen ESDM 32/2008 on Procurement, Use, and Sales of Biofuels as Alternatife Fuels. (5) If olefin content is >20%, oxidation stability test result minimum is 1000 minutes. (6) 0.002%m/m is equal to 20 ppm |
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Links
Regulatory Documents
Diesel:
- CN 48 (48 ≤ cetane number < 51): SK Dirjen Migas 978.K/10/DJM.S/2013 (SK 978/2013)
- CN 51 or above: SK Dirjen Migas 3675 K/24/DJM/2006(SK 3675/2006)
Petrol:
- RON 88: SK Dirjen Migas 933.K/10_DJM.S/2013 (SK 933/2013)
- RON 90: SK Dirjen Migas 313.K/10/DJM.T/2013 (SK 313/2013)
- RON 91 & 95: SK Dirjen Migas 3674 K/24/DJM/2006 (SK 3674/2006)
- Lead Phase-out Regulation: Kepmen ESDM 1585 K/32/MPE/1999 (Kepmen 1585/1999)
Regulatory agencies
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Direktorat Jenderal Minyak & Gas Bumi, Kementrian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral)
